Python Tutorial: Conditional Statements

Python Tutorial: Conditional Statements

Python is a smart language , compare to other programing language python code is so smart that it makes a compact and meaningful understanding of code with a good coading structure. The syntax of python is easy for both beginner and expert level programmer. Python does not extra opening and closing braket ({}) , the number of line reduce .In this chapter we will discuss about conditional statement in Python . Conditional statement means if,else,elseif. First you will know when if is required. If we have a condition and if the condition satisfy the come code segment will be executed.

1. The if Statement
Run code only if a condition is True . If condition is on executed only the statement is true , here the age is over 18  then they statement will be executed.

age = 18
if age >= 18:
    print("You are an adult!")

Output
You are an adult!

2. The else Statement
In case of else , else statement is executed only if the "if" statement fails or return false.

age = 16
if age >= 18:
    print("You are an adult!")
else:
    print("You are a minor.")

Output

You are a minor.

3. The else if Statement (else if)

"elseif" only executed when the if statement does not and the next condition satisfy "elseif" .  "elseif" does not execute automatically , if statement and previous all condition fail and "elseif" condition satisfy ,  then only "elseif" statement executed. 

score = 85

if score >= 90:
    print("Grade: A")
elif score >= 80:
    print("Grade: B")
elif score >= 70:
    print("Grade: C")
elif score >= 60:
    print("Grade: D")
else:
    print("Grade: F")

Output

Grade: B

4. Nested if Statements

In python , if statement can contain another if statement , that is called nexted if , here is the example of nexted if statement.

age = 20
citizen = True
if age >= 18:
    if citizen:
        print("You can vote!")
    else:
        print("You are old enough but not a citizen.")
else:
    print("You are too young to vote.")

Output:
You can vote!

5. Comparison Operators

Operator   Meaning

==               Equal to

!=                Not equal to

>                 Greater than

<                 Less than

>=              Greater than or equal

<=              Less than or equal

6. Logical Operators

Operator    Meaning                  Example
and            Both true                 x > 5 and x < 15
or              At least one true     x < 5 or x > 15
not            Reverse truth          not(x == y)

Example of Comparison Operators

x = 10   y = 5

if x > y:

    print("x is greater")

Logical Operators

temperature = 25

is_sunny = True

if temperature > 20 and is_sunny:

    print("Perfect day for a picnic!")

Prepared By :Ayan Banerjee

Python Tutorial : function

Python Tutorial : function

Python is one of the smartest programming language in modern programming world ,  probably Python contain the most advance libraries among the other programming language. Python is very popular for both backend , frontend and embedded software design and artificial intelligence software design. Python on does not contain only inbuild library , many third party provider several library to support Python for more advance work.

Today,  in this tutorial we will learn about function in Python. First we have to learn what is function  ? 

    A function is a block of code that have some specific task and objective , that means when we call a function ,the block code will be executed and it will return some value. The value must may be image, video , interger , string  everything. 

In other language , function starts and close with opening and closing braket( { }) ,but Python is very smart coding language , it handle opening and closing of the function in a smart way so that the function is compact, length is small.

Here is a smaple function  

def HellowWorld():
       print("Hello! Welcome to Python functions.")

def → defines the function
HellowWorld → function name
() → parentheses (for parameters)

How to Call function

Calling function in Python is very easy ,  just put the name with parameter.

HellowWorld()

Sigle Parameter Function

def HellowWorld(name):

    print(f"Hello, {name}! Nice to meet you.")

Calling :HellowWorld("Ayan") 

Output:Sum: Ayan ! Nice to meet you.

Multi Parameter Function

def add(a, b, c):

    result = a + b + c

    print("Sum:", result)

Calling:add(10, 20, 30)

Output:Sum: 60

Function Returns Multiple Values
Python can return multiple return values , this is simple and just like same method calling simple function.First you have to write all return variable and then call the functions .There is the simple example

def calculate(a, b):
    add = a + b
    sub = a - b
    return add, sub

Calling : 

x, y = calculate(10, 5)

print("Sum:", x)
print("Difference:", y)

Output:
Sum: 15
Difference: 5

Functions Can be called Together
Multiple function can be called together , first call the function which need to call first and then on.Here is the example of the same

def get_input():
    a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
    b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
    return a, b

def add(a, b):
    return a + b

def main():
    x, y = get_input()
    result = add(x, y)
    print("Sum is:", result)

Calling :main()

Nested Function
Nested function meaning function under a function .Multiple nested function can be nested under a main function.We do not need to call inner function , we just need to call outer function, inner function will be called automatically.

def outer_function():

    print("Outer function started.")

    def inner_function():

        print("Inner function executed.")

      inner_function()  # call inner function inside outer

Calling :outer_function()

Returning Inner Function

You can return the inner function from the outer function  , this is called a closure.

def outer_function():
    def inner_function():
        print("Hello from inner function!")
    return inner_function  # returning the function, not calling it

Calling :
greet = outer_function()
greet()  

Output:

Hello from inner function!

                 Prepared By: https://www.sonjukta.com/About.html

Python Tutorial : Loop

Python Tutorial : Loop

                    Python is one of the popular language programming language , Python are very popular since 1980 for its simplicity , easy of learning and code under stability for both beginner and professional level . Python code are smart , need less code compared to other programming language and syntax are easy to understand.  Lot of Inbuild library are integrated with Python for different work  , other than that many third party libraries specially for Artificial Intelligence model training third party libraries are very popular .

                 In this article we will learn about "loop" ,  what is loop ? loop is nothing but approach for examination of every object , for example a string "This is a python code" , if i need every character of this string , I need to use "loop",  "loop" will return every character unless there is any stopping condition . Python support two kind of loop , "for loop" and "While" loop , both are very popular in this days.

for loop — iterates over a sequence (like list, tuple, dictionary, string)

while loop — runs as long as a condition is True 

Example of for loop

Example 1
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "mango"]
for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit)

output
apple
banana
mango

Example 2
for letter in "Python":
    print(letter)

output

P
y
t
h
o
n

Example of while loop

Example 1

count = 1
while count <= 5:
    print("Count:", count)
    count += 1

output

Count: 1

Count: 2

Count: 3

Count: 4

Count: 5

Some More Topic about Loop:

1. break
2. continue
3. pass
4. else with loops
5. Nested loops

1.break : Break statement break loop for a particular conditions .Loop stops  iterating when it reach to break statement.

Example 1

for i in range(10):
    if i == 5:
        break
    print(i)

output

0 1 2 3 4

2.continue  :continue statement skips the current iteration , that means if any condition satisfy ,loop will bypass the condition.  

Example 1

for i in range(10):

    if i % 2 == 0:

        continue

    print(i)

output

1 3 5 7 9

3.pass : pass do nothing , simple tell the program to do the next work 

Example 1

for i in range(5):

    pass

print("Loop finished!")

output

Loop finished!

4.else with loops : We can write if else condition withing the loop , if condition satisfied do one thing else do another thing.

Example 1

word = "Python"

for ch in word:

    if ch.lower() in ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']:

        print(ch, "is a vowel")

    else:

        print(ch, "is a consonant")

output

P is a consonant
y is a consonant
t is a consonant
h is a consonant
o is a vowel
n is a consonant

5.Nested loops :  A loop can be under another loop , may be for loop under for loop or for loop under while loop etc.

Example 1

for i in range(1, 6):      
    for j in range(1, 6):   
        print(i * j, end="\t")
        print() 

output

1 2 3 4 5

2 4 6 8 10

3 6 9 12 15

4 8 12 16 20

5 10 15 20 25

Example 2

i = 1
while i <= 3:
    j = 1
    while j <= 3:
        print(f"i={i}, j={j}")
        j += 1
    i += 1

output

i=1, j=1
i=1, j=2
i=1, j=3
i=2, j=1
i=2, j=2
i=2, j=3
i=3, j=1
i=3, j=2
i=3, j=3

Some Unique Fact of Python Loop

Backward Looping :Pyhon loop can be reverse direction also using reversed()

for i in reversed(range(1, 6)):

    print(i)

Add an else Clause to a Loop :Very Unique feature which is not available in other programming language 

 for i in range(5):
    print(i)
else:
    print("Loop finished without break!")

Looping Over Multiple Sequences Together 

names = ["Ayan", "Riya", "Rohan"]
scores = [85, 92, 78]

for n, s in zip(names, scores):
    print(n, "scored", s)
 

output

Ayan scored 85
Riya scored 92
Rohan scored 78

Python Tutorial : Variable

 Python Tutorial : Variable 

Python is one of the very popular programming language , it is beginner-friendly as well as professional-friendly and easy to understand .The first concepts every learner must understand is the variable.

A variable is identified by name , variable store value in memory. In Python , variables store data , this data can be used or can be manipulated later. Python does not require to declare a variable type explicitly before assignment , it can be declared and assign dynamically.

Here is the example of variable
x = 10
y = "Hello World"

A variable is a musk like a container that holds data. If we write x = 5
python  creates an object with the value 5 and a reference x that points to this object , then
x is not the value , x is a name pointing to the memory location stored location.

 Data Types of Variables

int

--> Integer (full number or number with point) ,

x = 5

float-->

Decimal number(number with point)

, pi = 3.14

str-->

String (text) ,name = "Hellow World"

 bool-->Boolean (True/False) , isHealthy=true

list-->Ordered,collection ,colors = ["red", "blue", "green"]

tuple-->Ordered, unchangeable collection,point = (10, 20)

dict-->Dictionary Objects ,Key-value pairs,student = {"name": "Ayan", "age": 22}

Example:

name = "Ayan"              --string

_age = 25                       --int

user_name1 = "admin"  --string

isHealthy=true               --boolean

my_dict =                      --dictionaly

{

  "brand": "TATA",

  "model": "KIA",

  "year": 2024

}

class A: pass       

class B: pass

class C: pass

lst = [A, B, C]                --list

How to assign values to variables

Single assignment

Integer variables

age = 25

year = 2025

Float variables

pi = 3.14159

height = 5.8

temperature = -2.5

String variables

name = "Ayan Banerjee"

college = 'Netaji Subhash Engineering College'

course = "M.Tech in CSE"

Boolean variables

is_student = True

is_graduated = False

has_passed = True

List variables

colors = ["red", "green", "blue"]

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]

mixed = [1, "Ayan", True, 3.14]

Dictionary

student = {

    "name": "Ayan",

    "age": 25,

    "course": "M.Tech CSE",

    "is_active": True

}

Multiple Assignment in Python

Integer

a, b, c = 10, 20, 30

Float

p, q, r = 3.14, 2.71, 1.61

String

first_name, middle_name, last_name = "Ayan", "Kumar", "Banerjee"

Boolean

is_student, is_active, has_passed = True, True, False

List

colors, numbers, fruits = ["red", "green", "blue"], [1, 2, 3], ["apple", "banana"]

Dictionary

student1, student2, student3 = \

    {"name": "Ayan", "age": 25}, \

    {"name": "Riya", "age": 22}, \

    {"name": "Arjun", "age": 23}

Dynamic Typing in Python

Python has a good feature of Dynamic Typing , than means , you do not do not need to declare the type of a variable explicitly,assign value directly , python will detect automatically variable type .Variable type can be change automatically during execution,which means , variable a is integer can be change to string by assign only

How python assign variable type automatically ?

x = 10             

x = "Hello World"  

How python change variable type ?

Float to Bool

y = 3.14      # float

print(y, type(y))

y = True      # bool

print(y, type(y))

String to List

name = "Python"

print(name, type(name))

name = ["P", "y", "t", "h", "o", "n"]

print(name, type(name))

Boolean to String

flag = False

print(flag, type(flag))

flag = "False"

print(flag, type(flag))

What is the advantage of Dynamic Typing ?

1. No need to declare types manually , development is fast.
2. Variables can change any type of data during runtime.
3. Clean and simple.

Deleting Variables

Deleting Variables in a smart feature of python , deleting is simple and it help free memory in long-running programs.

Delete a single variable

x = 10

del x

Delete multiple variables

a = 5

b = 10

c = 15

del a, b, c

Prepared By : Ayan Banerjee

Python Tutorial : Introduction

    Python is very popular programming languages . Python Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. Python is simple, readable, and powerful .It is an open-source, high-level language .Python’s syntax is clean and very easy to understand, it is suitable for beginners as well as working professionals .

Python Supports:

• Web development
• Data science
• Artificial Intelligence
• Machine Learning
• Automation

Why to Learn Python

1) Python’s syntax is simple ,  it is beginner-friendly and easy to understand .Easy to understand in compare with other languages like C++ or Java.

2) No compilation require compilation. The interpreter reads and executes , make it more faster, rather fastest language.

3) Python runs on Windows, macOS, Linux, and mobile OS , almost all platform , i.e Python is cross platform language.

4) Python is free to use and opensource, no license charge is required. it comes under governed under an open-source license.

5) Python have huge in-built library for file handling, regular expressions, database connectivity, web services, mathematics etc.

6) Python supports Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) , i.e classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism etc.

7) Python is High-Level Language ,no need to handle memory management or pointer programming.

8) Python code can be 'embedded' into other languages (like C or C++) and other languages (like C or C++) can be embedded in Python.

9) Python’s community support is large , external libraries 

• NumPy and Pandas for data science
• TensorFlow and PyTorch for AI and ML
• Matplotlib for data visualization

10) Python in-built 'garbage collector' handles memory allocation and deallocation.

Major Applications of Python

Web Development :

Django , Flask , FastAPI framework for used for API to create dynamic website.

Instagram, Pinterest, and YouTube use Python for their backend service of these frame work to make their website

dynamic.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)

Python is the most popular language for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.libraries like  TensorFlow , Keras, Scikit-learn, PyTorch works to handle AI,ML application.

Applications :

1. Image and speech recognition
2. Chatbots 
3. virtual assistants
4. Visual Matching

Desktop GUI Applications

Python’s Tkinter, PyQt, and Kivy libraries create desktop applications.

Examples:

• Media players
• File managers
• Custom software tools

Game Development

Python frameworks Pygame and Panda3D is used for 2D and 3D game development.

Popular games like 'Eve Online' and 'Battlefield 2' have used Python in major.

Mobile App Development

Kivy ,BeeWare are used for cross-platform mobile app development.

Cybersecurity and Ethical Hacking

Python is used in cybersecurity for

• Network scanning 
• Malware analysis
• Packet sniffing

Data Science and Data Analytics

libraries like NumPy , Pandas , Matplotlib , Seaborn , Jupyter Notebook is used in  Data Science and Data Analytics.

Example :

1. Market analysis
2. Business intelligence
3. Scientific data visualization

Some Well Known Python Applications

1. Google Search Engine
2. Instagram Backend
3. YouTube Recommendations
4. NASA Software Systems
5. Financial Forecasting Models

First Python Program

1) Open a text editor ,write 

print("Hello, World!")

and Save it as hello.py

2)Run the Program

python hello.py

output is

Hello, World!

If you do not have python installed at your computer

For Windows download from : https://www.python.org/downloads/windows/

and install.

if you are using Linux , run the following program in the terminal

sudo apt update

sudo apt install python3

After installation , you can check version as

python --version

By:Ayan Banerjee

Entrepreneur vs Intrapreneur vs Entrepreneurship – Definitions, Examples & Characteristics

Entrepreneur & Intrapreneur & Entrepreneurship

                An entrepreneur is a person who starts a new organization in terms of business. The entrepreneur gets a new idea from his inner soul and tries to establish an organization with a profitable perspective. Entrepreneurs generally take a huge financial risk to make their idea established before the world. Entrepreneurs have different mindsets, they think differently, they think advances. Entrepreneurs find opportunities where society cannot imagine a business area.

Entrepreneurship is a zeal to do something new; service, work, development, innovation or anything of doing it business. Entrepreneurs take a huge financial risk, and they work hard to reach the goal. Entrepreneurs face different problems in terms of bureaucracy, society, technical and managerial, but they have the capability to solve each problem effectively.

Waiting for perfect conditions is not a habit of entrepreneurs, they create opportunities for themselves even in unfavorable situations. Many great entrepreneurs start their journey with limited resources or no resources at all, but their vision, confidence, and ability to take calculated risks, patience and intelligence help them move forward. The entrepreneurial mindset thinks about long-term growth, while common person looks for short-term comfort.

Entrepreneurs often identify problems in ordinary people's lives and convert those problems into profitable business concepts. This entrepreneur's problem-solving ability makes them differentiate entrepreneurs from ordinary business owners. They notice the challenges as opportunities, and then they innovate and improve existing systems.

Entrepreneurs often identify problems in everyday life and convert those problems into profitable business ideas. This problem-solving ability differentiates entrepreneurs from ordinary business owners. They see challenges as opportunities to innovate and improve existing systems.

In most of the cases, entrepreneurs start small but nourish dream. A small shop, startup, or service can grow into a multinational organization with the right strategy, discipline, and leadership and continuous endeavor. Entrepreneurs do analyze market demand, customer behavior, and technological trends to stay competitive.

In many cases, entrepreneurs start small but dream big. A small shop, startup, or service can grow into a multinational organization with the right strategy, discipline, and leadership. Entrepreneurs continuously analyze market demand, customer behavior, and technological trends to stay competitive.

Examples of Successful Entrepreneurs

A great example of an Indian entrepreneur is Ratan Tata, who has made the Tata Group into a global brand by entering industries such as steel, automobiles, IT services, and telecommunications. In his leadership, he shows how ethical values and innovation can coexist in business. Ratan Naval Tata was born on 28 December 1937 in Mumbai, India. He completed his schooling at Campion School, Mumbai, and studied at Cornell University, USA. He became the Chair of Tata Group in 1991. Ratan Tata’s strategy focused on long-term vision, ethical business practices, global expansion, and innovation.

Another strong example is Steve Jobs, whose entrepreneurial vision led to the creation of revolutionary products like the iPhone and iPad. He focused not only on technology but also on design, user experience, and simplicity. Steve Jobs was born on 24 February 1955 in San Francisco, California, US. He is known as the co-founder of Apple Inc. Steve Jobs died on 5 October 2011. Steve Jobs’ strategy was based on innovation, simplicity, strong design focus, and complete control over the product ecosystem.

Similarly, Elon Musk demonstrates modern entrepreneurship by taking bold risks in industries like space exploration, electric vehicles, and renewable energy. His ventures highlight how entrepreneurs can shape the future of humanity.

Characteristics of an Entrepreneur

1. Entrepreneur generally innovation thinker with new idea and new concept before the world.
2. Entrepreneur takes  huge risk to implement their idea without guarantee of success. 
3. Entrepreneur are great leader , they lead the team and identify the problem and make a clear solution to reach the gold.
4. Entrepreneur motivate themselves , they are self dependent, they are not dependent  on other organization 
5. Entrepreneur are very hard working and persistent on their work and does not give up if the face any problem.
6. Entrepreneur change them self with the changing of technology and advancement of the human civilization an adaptation of technical advancement.

7. Entrepreneurs are opportunity seekers, they observes market gaps and unmet customer needs and convert their observation  viable business ideas.

8. Entrepreneurs have strong decision-making ability, they take quick and calculated decisions with no hesitation and same patience even in uncertain and risky situations.

9. Entrepreneurs possess high adaptability, they change strategies according to market , competition improves , customer demand changes , and economic conditions of the market.

10. Entrepreneurs believe in continuous learning, they upgrade their knowledge, skills, and mindset through experience, failures, and feedback to improve their business performance .Thus they become life long learner.

Who is an Intrapreneur?
            An intrapreneur is a person who starts with a new idea within an organization, not as an entrepreneur. An intrapreneur works in a huge organization and gives new ideas, new business plans to the organization in terms of product, service or anything related to business. They are also innovative thinkers but work as an employee, they start a new project or new idea without being told to them by management. The intrapreneur does research within the organization on his idea. He takes the funds from the company and every facility from the company. Intrapreneurs are also problem solvers. They face challenge one new idea and solve the problem effectively in a new way, but not like an entrepreneur who independently starts a new business. An intrapreneur is just an employee of the organization who works for the growth of the organization, not for himself. Think about Gmail. The Gmail creator was an employee of Google. He created Gmail for Google but not for himself, so he is an Intrapreneur.

What is Entrepreneurship?

       Entrepreneurship is the process of creating a new business or organization. Entrepreneurship is nothing but the act done by an entrepreneur. This makes employment generation, and business establishment in this process idea is generated clearly and implemented well managed. This is a risky process and you must have the ability to face land, labor, capital and technology effectively. These step help to progress the economy of a society. This phase establishes a new organization.

Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development

           Entrepreneurship is a systematic process that begins with main idea generation, followed by feasibility analysis, business planning, resource acquisition, and then the final implementation. Each stage requires a careful decision-making process.

        Entrepreneurship contributes to society in terms of employment generation by creating new job opportunities. Small and medium enterprises play a vital role in strengthening the economy of the nation and society.

        Governments encourage entrepreneurship through several ways: startup policies, financial support, incubation centers, and skill-development programs etc. This support system helps new entrepreneurs manage risk and increase high survival rates.

By : Ayan Banerjee

Last Update :19-02-2026

Project Management Lifecycle

Project Management Lifecycle

Project Management is a tecnique to manage project effectively , that ensure the project objectives are met within scope,time,budget.Project Management Lifecycle (PMLC) create a systematic path to achive project goals.Project Management Lifecycle (PMLC) breaks down a project task into well-defined phases,each phase have some task that allow managers to monitor progress, allocate resources, and estimate risks at every phase of projects.

The lifecycle consists of five phases: Initiation, Planning, Execution, Monitoring , Controlling, and Closing.Each step has its separate role and significance. 

Project Initiation Phase

The first and most critical phase ,here objectives are define first.Establish the purpose of the project and Identify expected outcomes and success probablitiy.

Example: A software company defining the goal of building an Patroll Software for a large Organisation.

Then Feasibility Study is done , cost-benefit analysis conducted ,technology, manpower, and budget is considered,risks is also calculated.Assign a qualified professional who will lead and communicate across teams (Project Manager).

Stakeholders (clients, sponsors, team, end-users) is also assigned in this phase.

Project Charter (objectives, scope, constraints, assumptions, stakeholders) is developed in this phase.

Project Planning Phase

This is the most critical and detailed phase of project management.

Define Scope

Create a Scope Statement that describes project boundaries.create a proper Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) to do the work into manageable tasks.

Develop Project Plan

Create a Project Management Plan covering schedule, cost, communication, risk, quality, and resources.

Budgeting & Cost Estimation

Estimate costs for resources, technology, licenses, and overhead.

Prepare a budget for monitoring expenses.

Schedule Development

Tools like Gantt Charts, PERT Charts, or Critical Path Method (CPM) is used to develop Schedule Development.

Resource Allocation

Identify team members, assign task and responsibilities.

Risk Management Planning

Calculate potential risks (technical, financial, environmental).

Quality Management Plan

Define quality control strategy.

Project Execution Phase

In this phase project is executed , that means work is performed, and deliverables like are created.

Team Mobilization

Assign roles and responsibilities formally and make sure that the team understands objectives and milestones.

Task Execution

Carry out project tasks as per the WBS and schedule.

Develop deliverables like output.

Resource Utilization

Allocate and monitor resources effectively to achive optimum output.

Communication & Collaboration

Have open communication across teams to remove any barrier and hasitation.

Tools like Slack, Trello, Jira are suitable for this phase.

Project Monitoring & Controlling Phase

This phase is the heart of Project Management Lifecycle that runs in parallel with Execution to ensure the project stays on track, identify delay , fault,resource mismanagement etc.

Performance Tracking

Keep an eye on progress against the baseline schedule and budget.

Use Earned Value Management (EVM) techniques.

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

• Cost variance (CV), Schedule variance (SV).
• Resource utilization efficiency.
• Quality defect rates.
• Monitor risk and maintain risk register. 
• Prevent scope creep.
• Corrective Actions if required (schedule, cost, or resource) , any adjustment is necessary.

Project Closing Phase

Completion of the project.

• Deliverable Handover
• Transfer final products to the client.
• Compile project reports, risk registers, test reports, and financial statements.
• Release team members for new assignments.
• Identify successes, failures, and areas of improvement.
• Formal Closure

Prepared By: Ayan Banerjee